bfam-20231101
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 8-K
CURRENT REPORT
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): November 1, 2023
BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware001-3578080-0188269
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation)
(Commission
File Number)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
  2 Wells Avenue
Newton, Massachusetts
02459
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 673-8000
Not Applicable
(Former name or former address, if changed since last report)
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2. below):
Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per shareBFAMNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
Emerging growth company    
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.     



Item 2.02Results of Operations and Financial Condition
On November 1, 2023, Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. issued a press release announcing its financial results for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023 and updated financial guidance for the year 2023. A copy of the press release is furnished as Exhibit 99.1 hereto and is incorporated herein by reference.
The information furnished pursuant to this Item, including Exhibit 99.1 attached hereto, is being furnished and shall not be deemed “filed” for any purpose, and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, regardless of any general incorporation language in any such filing.
Item 9.01Financial Statements and Exhibits
(d)    Exhibits
99.1
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).



SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
Date:November 1, 2023By:/s/ Elizabeth Boland
Elizabeth Boland
Chief Financial Officer

Document

Exhibit 99.1
Bright Horizons Family Solutions Reports Third Quarter of 2023 Financial Results
NEWTON, MA - (BUSINESS WIRE) - November 1, 2023 - Bright Horizons Family Solutions® Inc. (NYSE: BFAM), a leading provider of high-quality early education and child care, family care solutions, and workforce education services designed to support working families and client employees across life and career stages, today announced financial results for the third quarter of 2023 and updated financial guidance for 2023.
Third Quarter 2023 Highlights (compared to Third Quarter 2022):
Revenue of $646 million (increase of 20%)
Income from operations of $67 million (increase of 71%)
Net income of $40 million and diluted earnings per common share of $0.69 (increases of 119% and 123%, respectively)
Non-GAAP measures
Adjusted income from operations* of $67 million (increase of 46%)
Adjusted EBITDA* of $101 million (increase of 26%)
Adjusted net income* of $51 million and diluted adjusted earnings per common share* of $0.88 (increases of 34% and 33%, respectively)
“I am pleased with our third quarter results featuring 20% revenue growth and more than 30% adjusted EPS growth,” said Stephen Kramer, Chief Executive Officer. “Our Full Service segment performed well with continued enrollment gains and 17% revenue growth, while our Back-Up Care segment reported a record revenue quarter with more than 30% year-over-year growth. Our results demonstrate the positive momentum in our business, the breadth of our suite of solutions and our steadfast commitment to quality in all that we do.”
Third Quarter 2023 Results
Revenue increased by $105.6 million, or 20%, in the third quarter of 2023 from the third quarter of 2022, due to enrollment gains and price increases at our existing centers, as well as expanded sales and increased utilization of back-up care.
Income from operations was $66.8 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $39.0 million for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of 71%. Incremental gross profit contributions from the full service center-based child care segment, resulting from enrollment growth and price increases, and from the back-up care segment, resulting from higher utilization of back-up care services, were partially offset by reduced funding from COVID-19 pandemic-related government support programs. Net income was $40.0 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $18.2 million for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of 119%, due to the increase in income from operations noted above, as well as a lower effective tax rate, partially offset by higher net interest expense. Diluted earnings per common share was $0.69 for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $0.31 for the third quarter of 2022.
In the third quarter of 2023, adjusted EBITDA* increased by $20.6 million, or 26%, to $101.2 million, and adjusted income from operations* increased by $21.1 million, or 46%, to $66.8 million from the third quarter of 2022, due primarily to the increase in gross profit in the full service center-based child care and back-up care segments. Adjusted net income* increased by $13.0 million, or 34%, to $51.1 million, as a result of the increase in adjusted income from operations, partially offset by a higher net interest expense and a higher effective tax rate. Diluted adjusted earnings per common share* was $0.88 for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $0.66 for the third quarter of 2022.
As of September 30, 2023, the Company had more than 1,400 client relationships with employers across a diverse array of industries, and operated 1,063 early education and child care centers with the capacity to serve approximately 120,000 children.
*Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share are non-GAAP measures. Adjusted EBITDA represents earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation expense, and non-recurring costs, such as value-added tax expense related to prior periods, transaction costs, loss on foreign currency forward contracts and, at times, other non-recurring costs, such as impairment costs and other costs incurred due to the impact of COVID-19, and net costs incurred in relation to a cyber incident. Adjusted income from operations represents income from operations before non-recurring costs, such as value-added tax expense related to prior periods, transaction costs and, at times, other non-recurring costs, such as impairment costs and other costs incurred due to the impact of COVID-19, and net costs incurred in relation to a cyber incident. Adjusted net income represents net income determined in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense, amortization, and non-recurring costs, such as value-added tax expense related to prior periods, transaction costs, loss on foreign currency forward contracts, interest on deferred consideration and the income tax provision (benefit) thereon, and at times, other non-recurring costs, such as impairment costs and other costs incurred due to the impact of COVID-19, and net costs incurred in relation to a cyber incident. Diluted adjusted earnings per common share is calculated using adjusted net income. These non-GAAP measures are more fully described and are reconciled from the respective measures determined under GAAP in “Presentation of Non-GAAP Measures” and the attached table “Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. Non-GAAP Reconciliations,” respectively.
Balance Sheet and Liquidity
At September 30, 2023, the Company had $40.9 million of cash and cash equivalents and $351.4 million available for borrowing under our revolving credit facility. In the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we generated $161.0 million of cash from operations, compared to $131.0 million for the same period in 2022, and made net investments primarily in fixed assets and acquisitions totaling $92.0 million, compared to $250.9 million for the same period in the prior year.
2023 Outlook
Based on current trends and expectations, we currently expect fiscal year 2023 revenue to be in the range of $2.375 billion to $2.4 billion, and diluted adjusted earnings per common share to be in the range of $2.73 to $2.78. The Company will provide additional information on its outlook during its earnings conference call.
Conference Call
Bright Horizons Family Solutions will host an investor conference call today at 5:00 pm ET to discuss the results for the third quarter of 2023, as well as the Company’s updated business outlook, strategy and operating expectations. Interested parties are invited to listen to the conference call by dialing 1-877-407-9039 or, for international callers, 1-201-689-8470, and asking for the Bright Horizons Family Solutions conference call moderated by Chief Executive Officer Stephen Kramer. Replays of the entire call will be available through November 22, 2023 at 1-844-512-2921 or, for international callers, at 1-412-317-6671, conference ID #13736588. A link to the audio webcast of the conference call and a copy of this press release are also available through the Investor Relations section of the Company’s web site, www.brighthorizons.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release includes forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s actual results may vary significantly from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements, which can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “projects,” “approximately,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates” or “anticipates,” or, in each case, their negatives or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts, including statements regarding the Company’s intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, operating expectations, impact of our services and solutions, business trends, our future growth opportunities, enrollment and occupancy levels, back-up care utilization, the labor market, long-term growth strategy and value, estimated effective tax rate and jurisdictional mix, tax expense and benefits related to equity transactions, commitment to quality, our future business and financial performance, and our 2023 financial guidance. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. The Company believes that these risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, ongoing disruptions to our operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; the availability or lack of government support; changes in the demand for child care, dependent care and other workplace solutions, including variations in enrollment trends and lower than expected demand from employer sponsor clients as well as variations in return to work protocols; the constrained labor market for teachers and staff and ability to hire and retain talent, including the impact of increased compensation and labor costs; the possibility that acquisitions may disrupt our operations and expose us to additional risk; our ability to pass on our increased costs; our indebtedness and the terms of such indebtedness; our ability to withstand seasonal fluctuations in the demand for our services; our ability to implement our growth strategies successfully; changes in general economic, political, business and financial market conditions, including the impact of inflation and interest rate fluctuations; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; the effects of a cyber attack, data breach or other security incident on our information technology system or software or those of our third party vendors; changes in tax rates or policies; and other risks and uncertainties more fully described in the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2023, and other factors disclosed from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the time of this release and we do not undertake to publicly update or revise them, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
Presentation of Non-GAAP Measures
In addition to the results provided in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) throughout this press release, the Company has provided certain non-GAAP measurements that present operating results on a basis adjusted for certain items. The Company uses these non-GAAP measures as key performance indicators for the purpose of evaluating performance internally, and in connection with determining incentive compensation for Company management, including executive officers. Adjusted EBITDA is also used in connection with the determination of certain ratio requirements under our credit agreement. We believe that these non-GAAP measures provide investors with useful information with respect to our historical operations. These non-GAAP measures are not intended to replace, and should not be considered superior to, the presentation of our financial results in accordance with GAAP. The use of the terms adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share may differ from similar measures reported by other companies and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures.
With respect to our outlook for diluted adjusted earnings per common share, we do not provide the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure or corresponding reconciliation to such GAAP financial measure on a forward-looking basis. We are unable to predict with reasonable certainty and without unreasonable effort certain items such as the timing and amount of net excess income tax benefits, future impairments, transaction costs, and other non-recurring costs, as well as gains or losses from the early retirement of debt and the outcome from legal proceedings. These items are uncertain, depend on various factors outside our management’s control, and could significantly impact, either individually or in the aggregate, our future period earnings per common share as calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.
For more information regarding adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share, refer to the reconciliation of GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures in the attached table “Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. Non-GAAP Reconciliations.”
About Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc.
Bright Horizons® is a leading global provider of high-quality early education and child care, back-up care, and workforce education services. For more than 35 years, we have partnered with employers to support workforces by providing services that help working families and employees thrive personally and professionally. Bright Horizons operates approximately 1,100 early education and child care centers in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia and India, and serves more than 1,400 of the world’s leading employers. Bright Horizons’ early education and child care centers, back-up child and elder care, and workforce education programs help employees succeed at each life and career stage. For more information, go to www.brighthorizons.com.
Contacts:
Investors:
Elizabeth Boland
Chief Financial Officer - Bright Horizons
eboland@brighthorizons.com
617-673-8125
Michael Flanagan
Vice President - Investor Relations - Bright Horizons
michael.flanagan@brighthorizons.com
617-673-8720
Media:
Ilene Serpa
Vice President - Communications - Bright Horizons
iserpa@brighthorizons.com
617-673-8044




BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30,
2023%2022%
Revenue$645,787 100.0 %$540,215 100.0 %
Cost of services488,142 75.6 %411,406 76.2 %
Gross profit157,645 24.4 %128,809 23.8 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses83,253 12.9 %80,812 15.0 %
Amortization of intangible assets7,568 1.2 %8,948 1.6 %
Income from operations66,824 10.3 %39,049 7.2 %
Interest expense — net(12,222)(1.8)%(11,707)(2.1)%
Income before income tax54,602 8.5 %27,342 5.1 %
Income tax expense(14,623)(2.3)%(9,094)(1.7)%
Net income$39,979 6.2 %$18,248 3.4 %
Earnings per common share:
Common stock — basic$0.69 $0.32 
Common stock — diluted$0.69 $0.31 
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Common stock — basic57,765,332 57,664,895 
Common stock — diluted58,045,137 57,740,013 




BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023%2022%
Revenue$1,802,609 100.0 %$1,490,965 100.0 %
Cost of services1,386,787 76.9 %1,123,572 75.4 %
Gross profit415,822 23.1 %367,393 24.6 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses247,923 13.8 %226,231 15.2 %
Amortization of intangible assets24,898 1.4 %23,127 1.5 %
Income from operations143,001 7.9 %118,035 7.9 %
Loss on foreign currency forward contracts  %(5,917)(0.4)%
Interest expense — net(37,357)(2.0)%(26,695)(1.8)%
Income before income tax105,644 5.9 %85,423 5.7 %
Income tax expense(36,945)(2.1)%(22,824)(1.5)%
Net income$68,699 3.8 %$62,599 4.2 %
Earnings per common share:
Common stock — basic$1.19 $1.06 
Common stock — diluted$1.18 $1.06 
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Common stock — basic57,692,254 58,624,221 
Common stock — diluted57,886,823 58,802,742 




BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$40,927 $36,224 
Accounts receivable — net223,318 217,170 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets105,003 94,316 
Total current assets369,248 347,710 
Fixed assets — net572,356 571,471 
Goodwill1,750,568 1,727,852 
Other intangible assets — net223,381 245,574 
Operating lease right-of-use assets788,483 801,626 
Other assets98,349 104,636 
Total assets$3,802,385 $3,798,869 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt$16,000 $16,000 
Borrowings under revolving credit facility29,400 84,000 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses241,578 230,634 
Current portion of operating lease liabilities96,388 94,092 
Deferred revenue210,002 222,994 
Other current liabilities150,057 138,574 
Total current liabilities743,425 786,294 
Long-term debt — net950,468 961,581 
Operating lease liabilities794,717 810,403 
Other long-term liabilities102,749 109,399 
Deferred income taxes45,606 50,739 
Total liabilities2,636,965 2,718,416 
Total stockholders’ equity1,165,420 1,080,453 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,802,385 $3,798,869 




BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income$68,699 $62,599 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization82,732 77,958 
Stock-based compensation expense21,154 21,282 
Loss on foreign currency forward contracts 5,917 
Deferred income taxes(3,688)(8,209)
Non-cash interest and other — net8,867 1,894 
Changes in assets and liabilities(16,793)(30,463)
Net cash provided by operating activities160,971 130,978 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of fixed assets — net(60,225)(37,772)
Proceeds from the maturity of debt securities and sale of other investments15,451 16,009 
Purchases of debt securities and other investments(9,463)(13,838)
Payments and settlements for acquisitions — net of cash acquired(37,772)(209,421)
Settlement of foreign currency forward contracts (5,917)
Net cash used in investing activities(92,009)(250,939)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Revolving credit facility — net(54,600)113,000 
Principal payments of long-term debt(12,000)(12,000)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of options and restricted stock upon purchase8,764 11,412 
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock options and restricted stock(2,396)(5,432)
Purchase of treasury stock (182,570)
Payments of contingent consideration for acquisitions(225)(13,865)
Net cash used in financing activities(60,457)(89,455)
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(1,280)(4,018)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash7,225 (213,434)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — beginning of period51,894 265,281 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — end of period$59,119 $51,847 




BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
SEGMENT INFORMATION
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023Full service
center-based
child care
Back-up careEducational
advisory and
other services
Total
Revenue$444,747 $169,117 $31,923 $645,787 
Income from operations6,990 51,684 8,150 66,824 
Adjusted income from operations6,990 51,684 8,150 66,824 
As a percentage of revenue2 %31 %26 %10 %
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Revenue$380,556 $128,606 $31,053 $540,215 
Income (loss) from operations(9,834)40,405 8,478 39,049 
Adjusted income (loss) from operations (1)
(3,134)40,405 8,478 45,749 
As a percentage of revenue(1)%31 %27 %%
(1)For the three months ended September 30, 2022, adjusted loss from operations for the full service center-based child care segment represents loss from operations excluding transaction costs of $6.7 million related to acquisitions.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023Full service
center-based
child care
Back-up careEducational
advisory and
other services
Total
Revenue$1,333,469 $381,850 $87,290 $1,802,609 
Income from operations28,493 95,963 18,545 143,001 
Adjusted income from operations (1)
30,237 100,259 18,545 149,041 
As a percentage of revenue2 %26 %21 %8 %
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Revenue$1,105,804 $301,164 $83,997 $1,490,965 
Income from operations17,049 85,982 15,004 118,035 
Adjusted income from operations (2)
26,246 85,982 15,004 127,232 
As a percentage of revenue%29 %18 %%
(1)     For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, adjusted income from operations represents income from operations excluding value-added-tax expense of $6.0 million related to prior periods, of which $4.3 million was associated with the back-up care segment and $1.7 million was associated with the full service center-based child care segment.
(2)     For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, adjusted income from operations for the full service center-based child care segment represents income from operations excluding transaction costs of $9.2 million related to acquisitions.




BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
NON-GAAP RECONCILIATIONS
(In thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
Net income$39,979$18,248$68,699$62,599
Interest expense — net12,22211,70737,35726,695
Income tax expense14,6239,09436,94522,824
Depreciation18,93518,34957,83454,831
Amortization of intangible assets (a)
7,5688,94824,89823,127
EBITDA93,32766,346225,733190,076
As a percentage of revenue14%12%13%13%
Additional adjustments:
Stock-based compensation expense (b)
7,8417,51421,15421,282
Other costs (c)
6,7006,0409,197
Loss on foreign currency forward contracts (d)
5,917
Total adjustments7,84114,21427,19436,396
Adjusted EBITDA$101,168$80,560$252,927$226,472
As a percentage of revenue16 %15 %14 %15 %
Income from operations$66,824$39,049$143,001$118,035
Other costs (c)
6,7006,0409,197
Adjusted income from operations$66,824$45,749$149,041$127,232
As a percentage of revenue10 %%8 %%
Net income$39,979$18,248$68,699$62,599
Income tax expense14,6239,09436,94522,824
Income before income tax54,60227,342105,64485,423
Amortization of intangible assets (a)
7,5688,94824,89823,127
Stock-based compensation expense (b)
7,8417,51421,15421,282
Other costs (c)
6,7006,0409,197
Loss on foreign currency forward contracts (d)
5,917
Interest on deferred consideration (e)
1,4871,4714,4121,471
Adjusted income before income tax71,49851,975162,148146,417
Adjusted income tax expense (f)
(20,377)(13,877)(45,913)(38,483)
Adjusted net income $51,121$38,098$116,235$107,934
As a percentage of revenue8 %%6 %%
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted58,045,13757,740,01357,886,82358,802,742
Diluted adjusted earnings per common share$0.88$0.66$2.01$1.84



(a)Amortization of intangible assets represents amortization expense, including quarterly amortization expense of approximately $5.0 million associated with intangible assets recorded in connection with our going private transaction in May 2008.
(b)Stock-based compensation expense represents non-cash stock-based compensation expense in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation.
(c)Other costs in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 consist of value-added tax expense of $6.0 million related to prior periods, of which $4.3 million was associated with the back-up care segment and $1.7 million was associated with the full service center-based child care segment. Other costs in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 represent transaction costs incurred in connection with acquisitions.
(d)During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we entered into foreign currency forward contracts for the purchase of Australian dollars to satisfy the purchase price of an acquisition completed July 1, 2022. A loss of $5.9 million resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency rates was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 in relation to these contracts.
(e)Interest on deferred consideration represents the imputed interest on the deferred consideration issued in connection with the July 1, 2022 acquisition of Only About Children, a child care operator in Australia.
(f)Adjusted income tax expense represents income tax expense calculated on adjusted income before income tax at an effective tax rate of approximately 29% and 27% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and at an effective tax rate of approximately 28% and 26% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The prior year tax rate included net excess income tax benefits related to equity transactions, which are not projected in 2023. The jurisdictional mix of the expected adjusted income before income tax for the full year will affect the estimated effective tax rate for the year.